Russia has recently taken a significant step in allowing the domestic production of genetically modified (GM) crops and food, marking a shift from its previous reliance on imports. However, public sentiment remains strongly against GM foods, with 80% of Russians expressing reluctance to consume them, despite the fact that many already do so unknowingly. This contradiction highlights a deep-seated distrust of genetic engineering among the population.
The controversy surrounding GM foods traces back to various global institutions, including the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), which has long promoted biotechnology as a solution to global hunger. In the early 1990s, the FAO began investing heavily in genetic modification projects, particularly in Africa, aiming to increase crop resilience and yield. Scientists at the time assured that these modifications could enhance plant resistance to pests without affecting growth or environmental adaptability.
In the United States, where GM foods have been widely adopted, there's a stark divide between social classes. While cheaper grocery stores often stock GM products, wealthier Americans tend to avoid them, opting for "special" or organic alternatives. A New York resident, who isn’t particularly affluent, shared her preference for expensive, non-GM food, emphasizing that she avoids what she considers potentially harmful options. Her neighbors, however, remain indifferent to the issue, highlighting the growing polarization around food safety.
Despite the ongoing debate, no conclusive evidence has linked obesity or other health issues directly to GM foods. In fact, many Americans consume GM ingredients daily without realizing it, such as in burgers and processed snacks. The scientific community remains divided, with some experts arguing that the risks are overstated while others warn of potential long-term consequences.
In Russia, the situation is even more complex. Until 2004, the country lacked the necessary tools to detect GMOs, making regulation difficult. Today, only 17 genetically modified organisms are approved for import, including corn, soybeans, and potatoes. Given that 30% to 50% of food in Russia is imported, it’s estimated that GM foods make up a similar proportion of the market.
Russian farmers largely oppose GM crops, viewing them as harmful and untrustworthy. This sentiment is reinforced by former Agriculture Minister Alexei Goldyev, who once urged farmers to resist GM technology. As a result, Russia has positioned itself as a producer of "clean" food, capitalizing on its reputation for natural agriculture.
Public opposition to GMOs has grown significantly over the years. While only 30% of Russians opposed GM foods at the start of the 21st century, the number has now risen to 80%, with some areas like Moscow reporting even higher rates. In response, 14 regions have declared themselves "GMO-free zones," although enforcement remains inconsistent.
Some regions, like Belgorod, have outright banned the purchase of GM foods, while in Moscow, genetically modified products cannot be bought using public funds. Labels are required if the GM content exceeds 0.9%, but baby food is exempt from this rule. Despite these measures, violations still occur, as seen in recent inspections revealing high levels of GM content in sausages and other processed goods.
Starting next July, Russia will not only allow the sale of GM foods but also their domestic production. This decision, made in September, was met with little public discussion. Some scientists argue that it’s necessary, as traditional breeding methods have failed to produce viable alternatives. Others, however, remain concerned about the long-term effects of genetic modification.
While fears about GM foods persist, some experts warn that the dangers of chemical additives and antibiotics in food may be even greater. The debate continues, reflecting broader concerns about food safety, environmental impact, and the role of science in shaping our diets.
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