For locations that aren't connected to the main sewage system, an off-mains solution is essential to cater to the needs of both visitors and residents. This applies to temporary accommodations like campsites in rural areas as well as a small number of homes that are "off grid"—it's estimated that around 5% of all UK homes depend on such solutions.
In this article, we’ll explore the various options available in these scenarios, focusing particularly on sewage treatment plants, which are the most widely favored choice. We'll delve into how they operate, the benefits they provide, their maintenance requirements, and the regulations you need to consider before installing one.
Key Takeaways:
- Septic tanks can no longer be discharged into watercourses due to rule changes in 2020; sewage treatment plants are required if you intend to discharge into a watercourse.
- There are several off-mains drainage options, including septic tanks, treatment plants, and cesspools.
- Consulting a professional is crucial before installing an off-mains drainage system, as there are many rules and regulations to follow.
What Sewage Solutions Are Available?
When it comes to collecting waste in areas disconnected from public sewers, three main options are typically considered:
Septic Tanks
Septic tanks are common, especially for older or remote properties. Usually made from materials like fiberglass, they have multiple chambers that separate effluent into liquids and solids. Waste enters the tank through an inlet pipe and stays there temporarily as the liquids and solids separate. Over time, the waste forms three layers: solids at the bottom, wastewater in the middle, and grease or oils on top. Natural bacteria break down the solids, allowing the liquid to safely drain away through a drainage field. The remaining sludge is periodically collected by professionals. Since they're relatively affordable and only require desludging once or twice a year, they’re a low-maintenance option suitable for smaller developments with lower waste outputs. However, if percolation tests indicate unsuitable ground conditions for a soakaway system or if there's insufficient space for a drainage field, another solution must be considered. UK law now prohibits septic tanks from discharging directly into natural water sources like rivers or streams.
Cesspools
Also known as cesspits, these are large sewage holding tanks that receive waste from homes via underground drains. Unlike septic tanks, cesspools don’t treat waste—they simply store it in a sealed container, except for a vent to release accumulated gases. While cesspools are initially cheaper to buy and easier to install, they require frequent emptying by a tanker due to their storage-only nature. Regular maintenance can become costly, often reaching thousands of pounds annually, which negates the initial savings. Additionally, since they don't treat waste, cesspools are banned in Scotland and rarely used elsewhere unless as a last resort, especially in areas near drinking water sources where other options aren’t viable.
Sewage Treatment Plants
These plants, powered by electricity, are seen as a modern upgrade to septic tanks, offering a variety of types and sizes to suit different budgets and occupancy needs. They promote the growth of beneficial bacteria to break down waste, ensuring it’s clean enough to be discharged into nearby water bodies like rivers, streams, or reservoirs (with proper permissions). This treatment process drastically reduces sludge buildup, requiring servicing only once a year. Treatment plants are versatile, suitable for everything from single homes to large commercial developments.
How Do Sewage Treatment Plants Work?
These systems handle wastewater through sedimentation, aeration, and disinfection. They clean water from toilets, showers, sinks, and dishwashers, allowing it to be safely reintroduced into the ecosystem.
Sedimentation
Wastewater enters a primary chamber where gravity separates liquid from solid waste, which is later removed during servicing.
Aeration
The separated liquid moves to aeration chambers where compressed air increases oxygen levels, fostering bacterial growth to break down waste.
Disinfection
Finally, the treated water undergoes disinfection to remove bacteria, making it safe for discharge into designated water sources.
Advantages of Sewage Treatment Plants
Treatment plants are becoming the preferred choice due to several key benefits:
- Low Sludge Levels: With less sludge accumulation, they only need servicing annually.
- Eco-Friendly: Producing cleaner effluents (up to 95% clean), they’re more environmentally friendly.
- Lower Running Costs: Though pricier upfront, they’re cheaper long-term due to less frequent servicing.
- Discharge Options: For discharging into natural water sources, treatment plants are the only legal option in the UK.
Regulations for Sewage Treatment Plants
Installing a treatment plant requires adherence to several regulations:
- Planning Permission: Often needed for new builds or significant changes to existing structures.
- Legal Compliance: All plants must meet EN 12566-3 2005 standards.
- Consent to Discharge: Environmental permits are necessary if discharging into surface waters.
Installation Advice
Professional installation is highly recommended due to the complexity and potential impacts of improper setup. Proper positioning is critical—considering factors like building regulations, odor, accessibility, noise levels, and gravitational flow.
Other Considerations
Before installation, you’ll need to assess drainage depths, outfall requirements, pump needs, and system sizing. Adequate electrical access is essential.
Choosing the Right Size
Treatment plants come in various sizes to match different needs. Consider the building size and number of occupants. Always plan for maximum occupancy to avoid future issues.
Maintenance
Regular servicing and sludge removal are vital. Avoid flushing non-biodegradable items and use eco-friendly cleaning products.
Sturdy and Safe
At EasyMerchant, we offer top-tier sewage treatment plants from leading manufacturers, ensuring durability and efficiency. Our products remove over 96.6% of pollutants, ensuring environmentally safe discharge.
For more information or personalized advice, our team is ready to assist.
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