Recently, Xiao Zejun, deputy chief engineer of the Nuclear Power Research and Design Institute of China, disclosed that the research and development goal for basic technology research and development in the first phase of China's supercritical water-cooled reactor technology research and development has been completed. The overall technical route for supercritical water-cooled reactors has been proposed, and China has completed millions of kilowatts of supercritical Water cooled reactor CSR1000 overall design scheme and material selection scheme. At the same time, it also completed the basic research of key technologies and initially established a design and experimental research platform system. It is reported that the supercritical water reactor is one of the fourth-generation nuclear power technologies that the world's nuclear power countries are striving to develop. It is ahead of the AP1000 pressurized water reactor introduced by China's Westinghouse Company earlier. It is reported that the biggest advantage of supercritical water reactor nuclear power technology is its low cost, and the price of three third-generation reactors with the same power is equivalent to four supercritical water-cooled reactors. At the same time, the safety of the supercritical water reactor is greatly improved than that of the existing reactors, and it has the capability of self-recycling, and there will be no malignant accidents such as core melting.
The main advantages of the supercritical reactor compared with the old-fashioned water-cooled reactors are that the structure is simple, the cost is greatly reduced, and the safety is improved at the same time.
This technology and China's current efforts to promote the supercritical, ultra-supercritical coal-fired power generation technology has a certain degree of inheritance. Some media interpret that this type of reactor can be used for future aircraft carrier power. However, it is understood that this technology will be mainly used for industrial power generation, in terms of volume and weight, and can not fully meet the requirements of the use of warships.
According to reports, on May 20th this year, the Chinese government signed the SCWR system arrangement agreement for the GIF Supercritical Water Cooled Reactor, which has joined the 4th Generation Nuclear Energy System International Forum. It has completed all legal procedures for joining the GIF SCWR, formally become its members, and participates accordingly. International supercritical water cooled reactor technology research and development.
The information shows that joining the GIF SCWR marks the substantive progress made by the Nuclear Power Institute to lead and coordinating the organization of relevant units in China to participate in the fourth-generation nuclear power system international forum supercritical water cooled reactor system. In the future, our country will no longer participate in the relevant activities of the system as an observer. Instead, it will participate in the research and development activities related to supercritical water cooled reactors under the GIF framework.
In addition to the first phase of R&D work that has been harvested, there are still four stages in the development of the supercritical water-cooled reactor technology roadmap, and it will continue until 2025. The four phases include the second stage of technology research and development from 2014 to 2017, the engineering technology research and development from 2017 to 2021, the design and construction of engineering experimental reactors from 2019 to 2023, and the supercritical pressure of millions of kilowatts from 2022 to 2025. Water Cooled Reactor Standard Design Study.
“Based on the preliminary experimental results of thermal hydraulics and materials, design analysis and preliminary feasibility study, the overall design proposal of the China Supercritical Water Cooled Reactor CSR1000 with independent intellectual property rights was proposed, the overall technical parameters were determined, and the preliminary feasibility of the reactor structure was obtained. Core and fuel assembly design.†Xiao Zejun introduced the second landmark achievement in the current R&D progress.
On the next step in the R&D project, Xiao Zejun revealed that in the second phase of key technology research and development, the company will fully grasp the supercritical water cooled reactor design technology and design method, complete the design research of the CSR1000 engineering experimental reactor; Materials optimization and engineering application of off-core performance, fuel element irradiation test device design and other key technologies to tackle key issues; completion of cladding and reactor internal components into the team irradiation test.
The reporter learned that the supercritical water-cooled reactor is a high-temperature, high-pressure, water-cooled reactor whose essence is a light water reactor operating at a critical point of 22.1 MPa and 374 degrees Celsius. Compared with conventional water-cooled reactors, it has the advantages of high thermal efficiency, simple system configuration, large power scale, small size of main equipment and reactor building, and good technical foundation. It has attracted international attention and attention. The United States, Japan, Canada, Germany, France, Russia, and South Korea have successively conducted research and development of this technology since the beginning of this century.
According to Xiao Zejun, the Nuclear Power Institute began the follow-up study of the supercritical water cooled reactor technology in 2003. The research work was fully started in 2006. A project management office and a group of experts were established and a research team was established. In November 2009, the National Bureau of Science, Technology and Industry for the Disappearance of the People’s Republic of China formally approved the establishment of the “First Phase of Supercritical Water Cooled Reactor R&D†project. In 2010, the Nuclear Power Institute organized a number of universities and research institutes in the United Nations to extensively carry out supercritical water-cooled reactor technology collaboration. Participating units include Xi'an Jiaotong University, Tsinghua University, Nanhua University, Wuhan University, Southwest Jiaotong University, Southwest Electric Power Design Institute and Dongfang Steam Turbine Works.
On December 12, 2013, the first phase of the R&D of the supercritical water cooled reactor passed the acceptance of the National Bureau of Science, Technology and Industry. According to the acceptance conclusion, the project has completed the research content in accordance with the approval, and achieved technical results that have achieved innovative research results and achieved research goals.
In terms of international cooperation, China has signed bilateral cooperation plans with Russia, Canada and Japan for supercritical water-cooled reactors. “Currently invited by the IAEA, it is applying to join the new IAEA SCWR-CRP supercritical water reactor joint research project.†Xiao Zejun said.
According to the China Nuclear Energy Industry Association, the research on supercritical water cooled reactors is also an important part of the "973 Plan" of the Ministry of Science and Technology. Several domestic institutions of higher learning and research institutes including the Nuclear Power Institute, Fudan University, etc. have jointly undertaken the "Basic Research on Critical Scientific Issues of Supercritical Water-cooled Reactors" in the "973 Program," "China-Europe Supercritical Water-cooled Reactor Fuel Verification Project. †and “Supercritical Water Cooled Reactor Technology R&D†and other projects, launched the “Study on the Design and Related Technologies of Supercritical Water-cooled Reactor Nuclear Energy Systemâ€, “Study on Relevant Technology of Supercritical Water Cooled Reactor Test and Experiments†and “Research on Supercritical Water Cooled Reactor Materialsâ€, etc. A series of important research results laid the foundation for the follow-up research and development of China's supercritical water reactors.
Supercritical water reactor SCWR has the following advantages:
1. Among the above six reactor types, only supercritical water reactors use water as moderators and coolants. Water is a readily available and inexpensive material, and its chemical and physical properties are clear. The vast majority of nuclear power plants in China use pressurized water reactors, and their water use experience can be used for reference.
2. Since the supercritical water reactor operates at 250 atmospheres and its exit temperature can reach 500°C or higher, the net thermal efficiency of PWR nuclear power plants can be increased from ~33% to ~44%.
3. As the thermal efficiency is increased by ~11%, nuclear fuel can be saved by ~25%, that is, the nuclear charge of 3 million PWRs can hold 4 million supercritical water reactors.
4. The compact core arrangement of the supercritical water reactor SCWR can be converted into fast neutron reactors with flexibility.
5. With inherent security, security can be controlled no matter what failure occurs.
6. The one-loop system is the most simplified. The main steam generator, regulator, and main circulating pump in the pressurized water reactor are eliminated, and the supercritical water is directly depressurized and supplied directly to the main turbine.
7. The core design will use the patented "Supercritical Water Reactor for Casing Fuel Assembly" to simplify the core design work and to save stack structural materials.
8. Several auxiliary safety systems for supercritical water pushing can fully utilize the passive technologies of AP-1000 nuclear power plants that have been introduced by China's State Nuclear Technology.
9. The technology of China's supercritical thermal power plants can be fully utilized. In simple terms, replacing supercritical boilers with reactors is a supercritical nuclear power plant.
Since 1980, 38 units of supercritical and ultra-supercritical thermal power units have been introduced and domestically built in China, with a stand-alone capacity of 300,000 Kw, 500,000 Kw, 800,000 Kw, 900,000 Kw, 1 million Kw, etc. Kinds of models. This shows that China's supercritical technology is quite mature.
10. Strong economic competitiveness: According to GIF estimates, the price of a million kilowatt supercritical water reactor nuclear power plant was about 900f/kW at that time; the Cockcome estimated it to be 1,000殴/kW; and China’s 2×900,000kw The critical investment of the thermal power plant is 5900 yuan/kilowatt, including S, NOx. Because the cost of a reactor is more expensive than that of a boiler, the investment of 2 million kilowatts of supercritical nuclear power plants is ~9,000. Yuan/kW.
At present, China's investment in nuclear power plants under construction is: high-temperature gas-cooled reactors are 16,000 yuan / kilowatt; Fangjiashan improved pressurized water reactors 2 x 100 million kilowatts are 13,000 yuan / kilowatts w.
It can be seen that the supercritical water nuclear power plant is cheaper than the above-mentioned nuclear power plant by ~70% and ~44%. Three million kilowatt-class production costs can build four million kilowatt-class supercritical water nuclear power plants.
In summary, it can be seen that SCWR is economical, safe and reliable, saves uranium resources, and is conducive to sustainable development.
The main difficulties of current supercritical reactors are:
1. Reactor pressure vessel manufacturing. Taking a reactor of one million kW class as an example, working at 250 atmospheres, the height of the pressure vessel is ~13m, the outer diameter of the barrel section is 4m, and the wall thickness is ~35cm. Currently, only Russia, South Korea and Japan can manufacture it, and it is necessary to consider cooperative production. Or purchased.
2. It is necessary to develop thermal insulation materials for the internals of the reactor.
3, need to develop equipment sealing materials, to solve the three leakage, steam and oil problems.
4. Preparation test, corrosion resistance test, hydraulic test, heap test, zero power test, etc. shall be performed on the coated pellet fuel.
5, need to carry out safety analysis, stability analysis and control.
China's Ultra-supercritical Thermal Power Technology Development
Thermal power plant ultra-supercritical units and supercritical units refer to the pressure of the boiler working medium. The working medium in the boiler is water. The critical parameters of water are: 22.064MPa, 373.99°C[2]; at this pressure and temperature, the density of water and steam is the same, and it is called the critical point of water. Subcritical pressure boilers whose mass pressure is lower than this pressure are called subcritical boilers. Pressure greater than this is a supercritical boiler. The steam temperature in the furnace not lower than 593°C or the steam pressure not lower than 31 MPa is called ultra-supercritical.
From the perspective of the selection of parameters for supercritical or ultra-supercritical units that have been built and under construction in the international and domestic countries, as long as the boiler parameters are above the critical point, they are all supercritical units. However, there are no strict limits for the supercritical and ultra-supercritical units, but only a matter of how much the parameters are higher. At present, domestic and international generally think that as long as the main steam temperature reaches or exceeds 600°C, it is considered as an ultra-supercritical unit.
Supercritical and ultra-supercritical thermal power units have significant energy-saving and environmental-improving effects. Compared to supercritical units, ultra-supercritical units have a 1.2% increase in thermal efficiency and can save 6,000 tons of high-quality coal in one year. The future of thermal power construction will be mainly to develop high-efficiency and high-parameter supercritical SC and ultra-supercritical USC thermal power units, which have been widely studied and applied in developed countries.
More than 100 researchers from 23 organizations including China Huaneng Group Corporation, China Power Investment Corporation, Harbin Boiler Works, Dongfang Steam Turbine Co., Ltd., and the National Power Station Combustion Engineering Technology Research Center worked together for the first time to develop ultra-supercritical thermal power in China. The unit's technology selection program completed the design and development of three different types of 1 million kilowatt ultra-supercritical boilers and steam turbines, the development of manufacturing software packages, and the study of material processing performance. The company has independently designed an ultra-supercritical power station, and successfully commissioned 1 million independently. The kilowatts and 600,000 kilowatts units applied for 17 national technical patents, forming the basis for the development of a complete ultra-supercritical power station in China.
On January 8, 2008, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council held a grand National Science and Technology Award Conference, which was undertaken by China Huaneng Group Corporation. The ultra-supercritical coal-fired power generation technology jointly developed and applied by related design, manufacturing, and application units won the 2007 national Science and Technology Progress Award.
The energy saving and environmental protection demonstration effect of this technology is very significant. As a demonstration project, the Huaneng Yuhuan Power Plant project was completed and put into production in November 2007, becoming the largest thermal power plant in the world with ultra-supercritical million kilowatt-class capacity. The project has applied a large amount of research results on this topic. The parameters of two 1 million kilowatt ultra-supercritical generator sets, 26.25 MPa and 600°C/600°C, are the highest parameters in the world, the largest in capacity, and the highest efficiency in the same period. The efficiency of operation was 45.4%, and the coal consumption for electricity supply was 283.2 g/kWh, which was 82.8 g/kWh lower than the national average coal supply consumption of 366 g/kWh in 2006, which significantly saved coal resources and saved more than 500,000 tons of carbon dioxide emissions each year. More than 2,800 tons of sulfur dioxide and about 2,000 tons of nitrogen oxides, with advanced international energy consumption and environmental protection level, the company has great prospects for economic and social environmental benefits.
Now, coal for power generation and heating accounts for about 50% of the country's total coal production, and pollutant emissions are also large. According to statistics, 90% of China's sulfur dioxide emissions are generated by coal-fired electricity. The research, development, and application of millions of kilowatts of ultra-supercritical units are important for realizing the adjustment of China's thermal power structure, saving energy and reducing consumption, building a resource-saving, environment-friendly society and sustaining the development of the power industry.
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