1 iron
1.1 The nutritional effects of iron and the causes of anemia in piglets
Iron is an essential element for the rapid development of piglets after birth and the maintenance of autologous metabolism and physiological effects. Iron is a component of most metabolites, and is also a component of protein bodies such as hemoglobin, myoglobin, transferrin, and lactoferrin. The root cause of anemia in piglets is that piglets lack iron and are rarely ingested from the outside. The total iron reserves in piglets at birth are 40-50 mg, and the normal growth and development weight of suckling piglets increases by 1 kg. For 35mg, the daily iron requirement is 7-8mg. It needs to be 200mg before starting to eat at 3 weeks of age. However, the iron content in breast milk is very small, 0.2mg per 100g milk, the piglets can only be from the milk every day. Ingesting 1 mg of iron, which is 1/7 of the amount of iron required, is far from satisfying the iron requirement for growth and development of piglets. As early as 3 to 4 days after birth, the amount of iron stored in the body will be consumed. As the growth rate increases, the demand for iron increases. If iron is not added to the piglets in time, iron deficiency anemia will occur.
1.2 Physiological identification of anemia in piglets
The hemoglobin concentration in the blood is a reliable indicator of the pig's iron condition. The hemoglobin level is 0.1 g/ml whole blood or higher, which is considered suitable; the hemoglobin level is 0.09 g/ml, which is the lowest content of hemoglobin; the hemoglobin level is 0.08 g/ In milliliters, it is close to the anemia edge; 0.07 g/ml or less, indicating anemia (Zimmerman, 1980. The type of anemia caused by iron deficiency is called small red cell anemia. Anemia piglets show symptoms? Skin and mucous membrane pale, coat Roughness, loss of appetite, mild diarrhea, listlessness, growth stagnation, severe death. Blood tests, hemoglobin decreased to 0.05 ~ 0.07g / ml, red blood cells also decreased, severely reduced to 2 to 3 million. See the liver, The spleen is swollen, the blood is thin, and the myocardium is obviously dilated.
1.3 Method of supplementing iron
There are many ways to supplement iron in piglets. Several commonly used methods are as follows:
Intramuscular injection
3 days old, piglets are injected with muscle or subcutaneous injection of 1 to 2 ml of iron dextran. In addition, intramuscular anti-anemia preparation - Xueduoquan injection (200 mg per ml of iron)
Anti-anemia preparation - blood vegan (200 ml per ml of iron), anti-anemia preparation - blood (150 mg per ml of iron), anti-anemia preparation - 1 ml of iron (150 mg of iron, selenium) Sodium 1mg). Iron-copper mixture feeding method
The piglet is supplemented with iron and copper mixture from 3 days after birth, and 2.5 g of ferrous sulfate and 1 g of copper sulfate are dissolved in 1000 ml of water and placed in a bottle. When the piglet sucks the milk, the mixture is dripped on the nipple or the baby bottle is used. Feed, 2 times a day, 10 ml per eclipse. When the piglets are fed, they can be mixed in the feed. Each pig is supplemented with 20 ml per day at the age of 1 month. Feed supplement
The iron needed for piglets can also be supplied or supplemented by feed. The commonly used iron preparations are ferrous sulfate, ferric citrate, and amino acid chelated iron.
Mineral Addition Method Five days after the birth of the piglet, a small trough containing bone meal, salt, charcoal, red clay or fresh grass root soil and mixed with iron and copper mixture is placed in the pig house for consumption.
2 copper
One of the most important physiological roles of copper is as a key enzyme in the body - ferrous oxidase, cytochrome c oxidase, copper zinc superoxide dismutase, tyrosinase, lysyl oxidase and dopamine-β-hydroxyl A cofactor for the enzyme. Copper is also a constituent of factor V and metallothionein. Therefore, copper in the diet is taken up by the animal's body and participates in oxidative phosphorylation, free radical detoxification, melanin synthesis, catechol ammonia metabolism, connective tissue cross-linking, iron and ammonia oxidation, uric acid metabolism, blood in the form of enzyme cofactors. Metabolic processes such as coagulation and hair formation. In addition, copper is required for functional metabolism such as glucose metabolism regulation, cholesterol metabolism, bone mineralization, immune function, myelination, heat regulation, erythropoiesis, and cardiac function.
2,2 lack of copper
The lack of copper reduces the absorption of iron and the formation of hemoglobin. Anemia similar to that of iron deficiency occurs. When the copper content of the diet is 6 ppm, the copper needs of piglets can be met. The diet contains 15ppm of copper, which can meet the normal needs of growing pigs, so there is generally no copper deficiency.
2,3 copper poisoning
Uneven or excessive addition of copper in the feed can lead to copper poisoning. Long-term intake of excess copper in animals will accumulate in tissues, especially the liver. Copper does not show clinical symptoms during liver accumulation, but hemolysis occurs later, characterized by sudden hemolysis and hemoglobinemia with severe jaundice, as well as liver and kidney damage and rapid death. High copper causes hemolysis in many ways: First, the combination of divalent copper with hemoglobin, red blood cells and other cell membrane thiol groups increases the permeability of red blood cells and causes hemolysis; second, copper inhibits glutathione reductase, Intracellular reduced glutathione is reduced, hemoglobin degeneration occurs in hemolytic anemia. The lack of molybdenum in the diet increases the toxicity of copper, and the appropriate supplement of sulfur-containing amino acids, zinc and iron can buffer copper poisoning.
2,4 the role of high copper
The mechanism of high copper growth promotion is still unclear. It is generally believed that:
Copper has antimicrobial properties that produce growth effects similar to antibiotics. High copper and antibacterial agents are added to the piglet feed, which have a synergistic effect.
High copper (250ppm) enhances the digestion of dietary fat by weaned piglets by stimulating the activity of lipase and phospholipase A in the small intestine, increasing nitrogen deposition by increasing fat utilization, and thus improving piglet growth performance, and copper The growth-promoting effect is not limited to the intestinal tract, but it may be that systemic copper may enhance the synthesis of proteins by stimulating certain hormones and growth factors to achieve growth-promoting effects. Copper increases the synthesis and release of defined peptides, which are important factors in increasing feed intake.
The use of high copper is a problem that should be noted
To alleviate the chronic poisoning of high copper to piglets, copper sulfate can be added in a ratio of 2:1 for S:Cu. Pay attention to the improvement of iron and zinc levels. Because of the competition between copper and iron and zinc (130-150ppm) at the absorption level, mutual restraint, only the addition of appropriate amount of iron and zinc can regulate the growth-promoting effect of high-dose copper. According to reports, in addition to iron and zinc, the absorption of copper is also related to the amount of calcium, phosphorus and cadmium. Therefore, when using high copper as a growth promoter for piglets, the best effect can be achieved only by properly adjusting the amount of replenishment between the elements so that the elements are in dynamic balance.
3 zinc
Zinc is distributed in all tissues of the body, and the concentration of zinc in organs such as muscle, liver, and fur is higher. Zinc plays an important role in maintaining animal growth and development, material metabolism and immune function. Its nutritional role is mainly: the first involved in the body's enzyme composition. Zinc is a component of more than 40 enzymes in the body and an activator of more than 200 enzymes. Among different enzymes, zinc plays a role in catalytic decomposition, synthesis, stabilization of the protein four-stage structure, adjustment of enzyme activity and other biochemical effects. The second is involved in maintaining the normal morphology, growth and health of epithelial cells and coats. Its biochemical basis is related to the involvement of zinc in the metabolism of cystine and acid mucopolysaccharide. The third maintains the normal function of the hormone. Zinc forms a soluble polymer with insulin or proinsulin, which is beneficial to the physiological and biochemical effects of islets. Zinc has a role in the formation, storage and secretion of other hormones. The fourth maintains the normal structure and function of the biofilm, preventing the biofilm from being subjected to oxidative damage and structural deformation.
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