Most of the mushroom growers, including some experienced farmers, are not fully aware of the effects of increasing fertilizer use in their cultivation. So, how can they choose the right type of fertilizer to prepare the main raw materials at a low cost and with minimal nutrients?
When using chemical fertilizers to create the growing medium, it's important to consider the characteristics of long-term bacterial growth and provide a more palatable, slow-release option. In the case of long-aged mushroom varieties, adding slow-release fertilizer proves far more effective than using common phosphate or urea-based fertilizers. Slow-release fertilizers are typically single-nutrient products, mainly containing nitrogen that dissolves very slowly in water. During the preparation and sterilization of the culture medium, these fertilizers do not release their nutrients immediately. Instead, their nutrient release is controlled by factors such as the pH level of the medium, the activity of the mycelium, the metabolic processes of the fungi, and the moisture content. The rate of nutrient release also depends on external conditions like the amount of water sprayed onto the material. This gradual release aligns well with the biological needs of long-aged varieties, ensuring a steady supply of nitrogen during the fruiting stage. Currently, most commercial mushroom production formulas rely on this type of slow-release fertilizer.
Short-bacteria-aged varieties refer to mushrooms that mature quickly after the bag is filled, often within just 15 days. Examples include Flammulina, Pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus ostreatus, Hericium erinaceus, and Shiitake mushrooms. In actual production, when preparing the medium for these types of mushrooms, it's common to use low-cost base materials such as hibiscus, sugarcane bagasse, cassava sawdust, and weed powder. A small amount of controlled-release fertilizer is often added to the formula to enhance growth and productivity.
From a technical perspective, there isn't a strict distinction between slow-release and controlled-release fertilizers in terms of fat release. However, the mechanisms and effects of controlling nutrient release differ. Controlled-release fertilizers are usually N-P-K compound fertilizers or total nutrient blends enriched with trace elements. In the market, many mushroom growth enhancers are based on this type of controlled-release fertilizer. These fertilizers work by encapsulating water-soluble nutrients within a protective coating. As the temperature outside the coating changes, the nutrients are gradually released into the medium.
During the process on the clinker stick, the release begins once the medium is moistened. When the coated particles come into contact with the damp medium, water from the environment penetrates the coating, dissolving part of the fertilizer. Some of the soluble nutrients then slowly diffuse through the tiny pores in the capsule. The higher the sterilization temperature, the faster the dissolution and diffusion occur, especially if the coating is thin. After sterilization, the nutrients have already been evenly distributed throughout the medium, solving the issue of uneven mixing often seen with traditional inorganic fertilizers.
On the raw bacteria stick, the release rate is influenced only by the activity of the bacteria within the medium. As the culture medium transitions between growth and reproductive phases, the metabolic water produced by the mycelium increases the temperature, which in turn accelerates the release of nutrients. This ensures that the nutrient release rate matches the growth pace of the fruit body, continuously supplying the necessary nitrogen during the development of the mushroom structures.
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