Peach trees are more common in China. Peach's flesh is delicious, unique in flavor, sweet and juicy, and delicious in flavor; peach flesh is rich in sugar powder, organic acid, protein, fat and proper amount of cellulose. In addition, it is rich in carotene, vitamin C, calcium and phosphorus. Iron and other nutrients needed by the human body. Peach trees have formed early, middle and late maturing varieties, which play an important role in regulating the market and meeting the people's living needs. In addition, the roots, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seed kernels of peach trees can also be used as medicines, and they also have certain economic value.
I. Characteristics of Peach Tree Fertilizers (I) Peach Tree Environmental Requirements Peach trees have a wide adaptability to temperature and can be cultivated at an average annual temperature of 8~17 °C. The optimum growth temperature is 18~23. °C, the suitable temperature for maturity is about 25 °C. If the temperature is too low, it will cause freezing damage and poor growth of the tree. If it is too high, it will easily lead to branch burns. Peach trees need a period of low temperature in the dormant period to make the peach buds develop normally, otherwise it will lead to irrigating germination and the appearance of flower buds.
The peach tree is a fruit tree with a strong lightness. When choosing a garden, pay attention to the selection of the sunny land.
Peach trees like to dry, poor resistance to cockroaches, excessive rain or a long time, the soil moisture content is high, it is easy to cause the branches to grow slightly, the flower buds are not easy to form, the fruit yield is reduced, and the taste is deteriorated.
Peach trees have strong adaptability to the soil. Generally, the soil can be planted, and the soil with moderate acidity grows better. Soil pH below 4 or above 8 severely affects growth. For the adaptation of soil texture, the sandy loam with good drainage, strong permeability and fertile soil is better cultivated, with early results and good quality; if the soil is too fertile and the texture is too sticky, it is easy to grow too much. The results were later, the early yield was low, the quality was poor, and the taste was light and the fruit was small.
(B) the nutritional characteristics of peach trees Peach trees are the most happy little trees, the results are early, weak, and short life. Generally 2 to 3 years of results, 5 to 15 years of fruiting.
1. The peach tree has the characteristics of storing nutrients. The flower bud differentiation and flowering of the peach tree is completed within two years. And the tree of peach tree has the characteristics of storage and nutrition. The level of nutrition in the previous year not only affects the fruit yield of the year, but also has a direct impact on the flowering results in the coming year. Studies have shown that in the first few weeks of the early spring germination of peach trees, the main reason is to use the storage nutrients in the trees. Therefore, the amount of nutrients accumulated in the peach trees in the autumn of the previous year has a great influence on the differentiation of flower buds and the flowering of the second year, which in turn affects the yield of peach trees. In the regulation of fertilization of peach trees, there must be a general view. After the harvest of peaches, it is necessary to strengthen the management of fertilizer and water.
2. The root characteristics of peach trees The roots of peach trees are shallow, and the roots are mainly distributed in 10~30 cm. However, the root system is more developed, the lateral roots and fibrous roots are more, and the ability to absorb nutrients is stronger. In order to prevent the root system from rising too much in the production, affecting the soil fixation and drought resistance of the tree, attention should be paid to proper deep application in the fertilization of peach trees, or deep application combined with shallow application.
The root system of peach trees requires better soil aeration conditions, and the aerodynamic porosity of the soil is preferably 10% to 15%. In order to ensure that the root system has better breathing conditions, pay more attention to organic fertilizer in the fertilization, and mix the organic fertilizer with the soil moderately to increase the agglomerate structure of the soil and increase the air content of the soil. Where conditions permit, the green manure can be planted under the peach trees and then turned over to increase the organic matter content of the soil to improve the soil's ability to regulate water and gas.
3. Nutritional characteristics of peach trees The saplings of peach trees grow more vigorously and have stronger absorption capacity. The demand for nitrogen is not too much. If more nitrogen fertilizer is applied, it is easy to cause excessive growth of nutrients and difficulty in flower bud differentiation. It is easy to cause physiological fruit drop when the result is late. After entering the peak period, the absorption capacity of the root system is reduced, and the demand for nutrients in the tree is more. At this time, if the supply of nitrogen is insufficient, it is easy to cause the tree to weaken, the resistance is poor, the yield is low, and the life expectancy is shortened. Therefore, in the nutritional needs of peach trees, the saplings are mainly phosphate fertilizer, with appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer, mainly to attract long trees. After entering the fruiting period, the focus of fertilization is to make the branches of peach trees grow slightly and the flowering results are coordinated with each other. In the aspect of fertilization, nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer are mainly used, and a certain amount of phosphate fertilizer and trace elements are applied.
4. Effects of rootstocks on nutrient uptake and utilization The use of rootstocks has a significant impact on the growth and nutrient uptake of peach trees. For example, with the rootstock of the peaches, the grafting cultivation is characterized by the development of roots, strong absorption of nutrients, resistance to thinness and drought, and long life. However, if the soil is very fertile, it is easy to grow too prosperous. If the drainage is poor or the terrain is low and wet, it is easy to grow poorly, and eventually the results of the peach tree are poor. As a rootstock, the beech is mainly large and deep, with few fine roots. The ability to absorb nutrients is slightly poor. The early fruit is good, and the ability to withstand cold and salt and alkali is strong. The disadvantage is that it is not good in warm areas.
2. Peach tree fertilization technology (1) The need for nutrients in peach trees The experimental data from various places indicate that the amount of nitrogen that peach trees need to absorb for each kilogram of peach fruit is 0.3-0.6 kg, and the amount of absorbed phosphorus is 0.1-0.2 kg. The amount of potassium absorbed is 0.3 to 0.7 kg. Due to factors such as nutrient loss, soil fixation and different absorption capacity of roots, the application rate of fertilizers varies greatly depending on soil type and peach tree varieties, and the level of management. The dosage is 20~45 kg in terms of pure nitrogen, the application amount of phosphate fertilizer is 4.5~22.5 kg in terms of phosphorus pentoxide, and the application amount of potassium fertilizer is 15-40 kg in terms of potassium oxide. Peach trees also need trace elements and nutrients such as calcium, magnesium and sulfur, which are mainly provided by soil and organic fertilizer. For peach trees with thinner soil and less organic fertilizer application, trace element fertilizers can be applied as needed.
(II) Application of fertilizer The application amount of fertilizer in peach trees should be determined flexibly according to soil fertility, tree age, variety, yield, and climatic factors. In orchards with low soil fertility, high age and high yield, the amount of fertilization should be higher; the fertilization amount of orchard with higher soil fertility, small age and low yield is appropriately reduced. The varieties are more resistant to fertilizer, suitable for climatic conditions, and moderately applied with a higher amount of water. Conversely, the amount of fertilizer applied should be appropriately reduced. If the application amount of organic fertilizer is large, the application amount of chemical fertilizer should be less.
The fertilization period of peach trees includes: base fertilizer, flower-promoting fertilizer, fruit-bearing fertilizer, and fruit-expanding fertilizer.
1. Application of base fertilizer According to the difference of different varieties of peach trees, the fertilization time is best applied as soon as possible after fruit picking. If it can not be fertilized in time, it can be applied about 1 month before the leaves of peach trees.
In the application of base fertilizer, it is best to use organic fertilizer. In the case of a small amount of organic fertilizer, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer can be flexibly determined according to the age of the tree and the growth of the peach tree and the fertility of the soil. In general, the application rate of nitrogen fertilizer in the base fertilizer accounts for 40%~60% of the total fertilization amount per year. The fertilization amount of each adult peach tree is equivalent to 0.3~0.6 kg of pure nitrogen (equivalent to 1.7~3.4 kg of ammonium bicarbonate or 0.6~ of urea). 1.3 kg or ammonium nitrate 0.9 to 1.9 kg). Generally, the phosphate fertilizer is mainly used as the base fertilizer. If more organic fertilizer is applied at the same time, the pure phosphorus pentoxide per plant is 0.3~0.5 kg (corresponding to 15% of the phosphorus content, 2~3.3 kg of superphosphate or phosphorus). 40% ammonium phosphate 0.75~1.25 kg). Generally, the amount of potassium fertilizer applied in the base fertilizer is 0.25-0.5 kg equivalent to pure potassium oxide (corresponding to 0.5 to 1 kg of potassium sulfate containing 50% of potassium oxide or 0.4 to 0.8 kg of potassium chloride containing 60% of potassium oxide). Note that when applying fertilizer, do not rely too close to the tree. When fertilizing, mix it with the soil properly to avoid burning roots. If the soil has more water content, the soil texture is more viscous, the age of the tree is larger, and the tree is weaker, the amount of fertilization can be high when the organic fertilizer is applied less; otherwise, the amount should be reduced.
2. The application of flower-promoting fertilizer promotes the application of flower fertilizer before flowering in early spring. The applied fertilizer is mainly nitrogen fertilizer, accounting for about 10% of the annual fertilization amount. It is combined with the irrigation after spring, and the nitrogen fertilizer dosage per 667 m 2 is pure nitrogen. It is calculated as 2~5 kg (about 4.3~10.9 kg of urea or 11~28.6 kg of ammonium bicarbonate). If the application rate of the base fertilizer is high or the base fertilizer applied in winter, the flower fertilizer may not be applied or applied less.
3. Application of sitting fruit fertilizer The fruiting nut is applied between the flowering and the fruit before the nuclear hardening, mainly to improve the fruit setting rate, improve the nutrition of the tree and promote the rapid growth of the fruit in the early stage. Fertilization is mainly based on nitrogen fertilizer, with a small amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. The dosage is about 10% of the annual application amount, and the nitrogen fertilizer per mu is 2-5 kg ​​in terms of pure nitrogen (about 4.3 to 10.9 kg of urea or 11 to 28.6 kg of ammonium bicarbonate).
4. The application of fruit enlargement fertilizer is applied after the fruit enters the rapid growth period again. The fruit expansion period of the mid-late and late-maturing varieties is basically consistent with the flower bud differentiation stage. At this time, the top dressing promotes the rapid growth of the fruit and promotes the differentiation of flower buds. A good foundation is important. The fruit enlargement fertilizer is mainly based on nitrogen and potassium fertilizer, and a certain amount of phosphate fertilizer can be appropriately formulated according to the phosphorus supply condition of the soil. The dosage of fertilization accounts for about 20%~30% of the annual application rate, and the amount of nitrogen fertilizer per 667 m2 is 4~10 kg in terms of pure nitrogen (about 8.6~20.8 kg of urea or 22~57.5 kg of ammonium bicarbonate); The application amount per 667 m 2 is 6 to 15 kg in terms of potassium oxide (about 12 to 30 kg of potassium sulfate containing 50% of potassium oxide or 10 to 25 kg of potassium chloride containing 60% of potassium oxide) . If necessary, it can be applied with 10% to 30 kg of superphosphate containing 14%~16% of phosphorus pentoxide.
Peach trees require less trace element fertilizers, mainly relying on organic fertilizers and soils. For example, organic fertilizers can be applied more or less, and less application of organic fertilizers can be applied. The actual amount of micro-fertilizer is calculated by using specific fertilizer as base fertilizer: borax 667 m 2 dosage 0.25-0.5 kg, zinc sulfate 667 m 2 dosage 2~4 kg, manganese sulfate 667 m 2 dosage 1~2 kg, ferrous sulfate 667 m 2 dosage 5~10 kg (should be applied with high-quality organic fertilizer, the dosage ratio is 5:1 for organic fertilizer and iron fertilizer), and the micro-fertilizer can also be sprayed on the foliar surface. The concentration of spraying is based on the degree of aging of the leaves. The control is between 0.1% and 0.5%, and the leaves should be thin when tender, and the leaves can be thicker when older.
I. Characteristics of Peach Tree Fertilizers (I) Peach Tree Environmental Requirements Peach trees have a wide adaptability to temperature and can be cultivated at an average annual temperature of 8~17 °C. The optimum growth temperature is 18~23. °C, the suitable temperature for maturity is about 25 °C. If the temperature is too low, it will cause freezing damage and poor growth of the tree. If it is too high, it will easily lead to branch burns. Peach trees need a period of low temperature in the dormant period to make the peach buds develop normally, otherwise it will lead to irrigating germination and the appearance of flower buds.
The peach tree is a fruit tree with a strong lightness. When choosing a garden, pay attention to the selection of the sunny land.
Peach trees like to dry, poor resistance to cockroaches, excessive rain or a long time, the soil moisture content is high, it is easy to cause the branches to grow slightly, the flower buds are not easy to form, the fruit yield is reduced, and the taste is deteriorated.
Peach trees have strong adaptability to the soil. Generally, the soil can be planted, and the soil with moderate acidity grows better. Soil pH below 4 or above 8 severely affects growth. For the adaptation of soil texture, the sandy loam with good drainage, strong permeability and fertile soil is better cultivated, with early results and good quality; if the soil is too fertile and the texture is too sticky, it is easy to grow too much. The results were later, the early yield was low, the quality was poor, and the taste was light and the fruit was small.
(B) the nutritional characteristics of peach trees Peach trees are the most happy little trees, the results are early, weak, and short life. Generally 2 to 3 years of results, 5 to 15 years of fruiting.
1. The peach tree has the characteristics of storing nutrients. The flower bud differentiation and flowering of the peach tree is completed within two years. And the tree of peach tree has the characteristics of storage and nutrition. The level of nutrition in the previous year not only affects the fruit yield of the year, but also has a direct impact on the flowering results in the coming year. Studies have shown that in the first few weeks of the early spring germination of peach trees, the main reason is to use the storage nutrients in the trees. Therefore, the amount of nutrients accumulated in the peach trees in the autumn of the previous year has a great influence on the differentiation of flower buds and the flowering of the second year, which in turn affects the yield of peach trees. In the regulation of fertilization of peach trees, there must be a general view. After the harvest of peaches, it is necessary to strengthen the management of fertilizer and water.
2. The root characteristics of peach trees The roots of peach trees are shallow, and the roots are mainly distributed in 10~30 cm. However, the root system is more developed, the lateral roots and fibrous roots are more, and the ability to absorb nutrients is stronger. In order to prevent the root system from rising too much in the production, affecting the soil fixation and drought resistance of the tree, attention should be paid to proper deep application in the fertilization of peach trees, or deep application combined with shallow application.
The root system of peach trees requires better soil aeration conditions, and the aerodynamic porosity of the soil is preferably 10% to 15%. In order to ensure that the root system has better breathing conditions, pay more attention to organic fertilizer in the fertilization, and mix the organic fertilizer with the soil moderately to increase the agglomerate structure of the soil and increase the air content of the soil. Where conditions permit, the green manure can be planted under the peach trees and then turned over to increase the organic matter content of the soil to improve the soil's ability to regulate water and gas.
3. Nutritional characteristics of peach trees The saplings of peach trees grow more vigorously and have stronger absorption capacity. The demand for nitrogen is not too much. If more nitrogen fertilizer is applied, it is easy to cause excessive growth of nutrients and difficulty in flower bud differentiation. It is easy to cause physiological fruit drop when the result is late. After entering the peak period, the absorption capacity of the root system is reduced, and the demand for nutrients in the tree is more. At this time, if the supply of nitrogen is insufficient, it is easy to cause the tree to weaken, the resistance is poor, the yield is low, and the life expectancy is shortened. Therefore, in the nutritional needs of peach trees, the saplings are mainly phosphate fertilizer, with appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer, mainly to attract long trees. After entering the fruiting period, the focus of fertilization is to make the branches of peach trees grow slightly and the flowering results are coordinated with each other. In the aspect of fertilization, nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer are mainly used, and a certain amount of phosphate fertilizer and trace elements are applied.
4. Effects of rootstocks on nutrient uptake and utilization The use of rootstocks has a significant impact on the growth and nutrient uptake of peach trees. For example, with the rootstock of the peaches, the grafting cultivation is characterized by the development of roots, strong absorption of nutrients, resistance to thinness and drought, and long life. However, if the soil is very fertile, it is easy to grow too prosperous. If the drainage is poor or the terrain is low and wet, it is easy to grow poorly, and eventually the results of the peach tree are poor. As a rootstock, the beech is mainly large and deep, with few fine roots. The ability to absorb nutrients is slightly poor. The early fruit is good, and the ability to withstand cold and salt and alkali is strong. The disadvantage is that it is not good in warm areas.
2. Peach tree fertilization technology (1) The need for nutrients in peach trees The experimental data from various places indicate that the amount of nitrogen that peach trees need to absorb for each kilogram of peach fruit is 0.3-0.6 kg, and the amount of absorbed phosphorus is 0.1-0.2 kg. The amount of potassium absorbed is 0.3 to 0.7 kg. Due to factors such as nutrient loss, soil fixation and different absorption capacity of roots, the application rate of fertilizers varies greatly depending on soil type and peach tree varieties, and the level of management. The dosage is 20~45 kg in terms of pure nitrogen, the application amount of phosphate fertilizer is 4.5~22.5 kg in terms of phosphorus pentoxide, and the application amount of potassium fertilizer is 15-40 kg in terms of potassium oxide. Peach trees also need trace elements and nutrients such as calcium, magnesium and sulfur, which are mainly provided by soil and organic fertilizer. For peach trees with thinner soil and less organic fertilizer application, trace element fertilizers can be applied as needed.
(II) Application of fertilizer The application amount of fertilizer in peach trees should be determined flexibly according to soil fertility, tree age, variety, yield, and climatic factors. In orchards with low soil fertility, high age and high yield, the amount of fertilization should be higher; the fertilization amount of orchard with higher soil fertility, small age and low yield is appropriately reduced. The varieties are more resistant to fertilizer, suitable for climatic conditions, and moderately applied with a higher amount of water. Conversely, the amount of fertilizer applied should be appropriately reduced. If the application amount of organic fertilizer is large, the application amount of chemical fertilizer should be less.
The fertilization period of peach trees includes: base fertilizer, flower-promoting fertilizer, fruit-bearing fertilizer, and fruit-expanding fertilizer.
1. Application of base fertilizer According to the difference of different varieties of peach trees, the fertilization time is best applied as soon as possible after fruit picking. If it can not be fertilized in time, it can be applied about 1 month before the leaves of peach trees.
In the application of base fertilizer, it is best to use organic fertilizer. In the case of a small amount of organic fertilizer, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer can be flexibly determined according to the age of the tree and the growth of the peach tree and the fertility of the soil. In general, the application rate of nitrogen fertilizer in the base fertilizer accounts for 40%~60% of the total fertilization amount per year. The fertilization amount of each adult peach tree is equivalent to 0.3~0.6 kg of pure nitrogen (equivalent to 1.7~3.4 kg of ammonium bicarbonate or 0.6~ of urea). 1.3 kg or ammonium nitrate 0.9 to 1.9 kg). Generally, the phosphate fertilizer is mainly used as the base fertilizer. If more organic fertilizer is applied at the same time, the pure phosphorus pentoxide per plant is 0.3~0.5 kg (corresponding to 15% of the phosphorus content, 2~3.3 kg of superphosphate or phosphorus). 40% ammonium phosphate 0.75~1.25 kg). Generally, the amount of potassium fertilizer applied in the base fertilizer is 0.25-0.5 kg equivalent to pure potassium oxide (corresponding to 0.5 to 1 kg of potassium sulfate containing 50% of potassium oxide or 0.4 to 0.8 kg of potassium chloride containing 60% of potassium oxide). Note that when applying fertilizer, do not rely too close to the tree. When fertilizing, mix it with the soil properly to avoid burning roots. If the soil has more water content, the soil texture is more viscous, the age of the tree is larger, and the tree is weaker, the amount of fertilization can be high when the organic fertilizer is applied less; otherwise, the amount should be reduced.
2. The application of flower-promoting fertilizer promotes the application of flower fertilizer before flowering in early spring. The applied fertilizer is mainly nitrogen fertilizer, accounting for about 10% of the annual fertilization amount. It is combined with the irrigation after spring, and the nitrogen fertilizer dosage per 667 m 2 is pure nitrogen. It is calculated as 2~5 kg (about 4.3~10.9 kg of urea or 11~28.6 kg of ammonium bicarbonate). If the application rate of the base fertilizer is high or the base fertilizer applied in winter, the flower fertilizer may not be applied or applied less.
3. Application of sitting fruit fertilizer The fruiting nut is applied between the flowering and the fruit before the nuclear hardening, mainly to improve the fruit setting rate, improve the nutrition of the tree and promote the rapid growth of the fruit in the early stage. Fertilization is mainly based on nitrogen fertilizer, with a small amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. The dosage is about 10% of the annual application amount, and the nitrogen fertilizer per mu is 2-5 kg ​​in terms of pure nitrogen (about 4.3 to 10.9 kg of urea or 11 to 28.6 kg of ammonium bicarbonate).
4. The application of fruit enlargement fertilizer is applied after the fruit enters the rapid growth period again. The fruit expansion period of the mid-late and late-maturing varieties is basically consistent with the flower bud differentiation stage. At this time, the top dressing promotes the rapid growth of the fruit and promotes the differentiation of flower buds. A good foundation is important. The fruit enlargement fertilizer is mainly based on nitrogen and potassium fertilizer, and a certain amount of phosphate fertilizer can be appropriately formulated according to the phosphorus supply condition of the soil. The dosage of fertilization accounts for about 20%~30% of the annual application rate, and the amount of nitrogen fertilizer per 667 m2 is 4~10 kg in terms of pure nitrogen (about 8.6~20.8 kg of urea or 22~57.5 kg of ammonium bicarbonate); The application amount per 667 m 2 is 6 to 15 kg in terms of potassium oxide (about 12 to 30 kg of potassium sulfate containing 50% of potassium oxide or 10 to 25 kg of potassium chloride containing 60% of potassium oxide) . If necessary, it can be applied with 10% to 30 kg of superphosphate containing 14%~16% of phosphorus pentoxide.
Peach trees require less trace element fertilizers, mainly relying on organic fertilizers and soils. For example, organic fertilizers can be applied more or less, and less application of organic fertilizers can be applied. The actual amount of micro-fertilizer is calculated by using specific fertilizer as base fertilizer: borax 667 m 2 dosage 0.25-0.5 kg, zinc sulfate 667 m 2 dosage 2~4 kg, manganese sulfate 667 m 2 dosage 1~2 kg, ferrous sulfate 667 m 2 dosage 5~10 kg (should be applied with high-quality organic fertilizer, the dosage ratio is 5:1 for organic fertilizer and iron fertilizer), and the micro-fertilizer can also be sprayed on the foliar surface. The concentration of spraying is based on the degree of aging of the leaves. The control is between 0.1% and 0.5%, and the leaves should be thin when tender, and the leaves can be thicker when older.
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