1. Classification of Chemical Hazardous Substances (1) Explosives These types of articles have flammable and explosive properties. When subjected to external effects such as high heat, vibration, friction, impact, etc., or contact with items such as acids and alkalis, a violent chemical reaction occurs, generating a large amount of gas and heat, and the gas rapidly expands to cause an explosion. According to its nature, it is divided into four items:
1 The ignition equipment includes different fire cables, ignition ropes, etc.
2 detonation equipment including different fuses, **, etc.;
3** and explosive drugs include ***** (***), **** mixed **, ***, ****, ****, etc.;
4 Other explosives include ****, Fireworks, and ** (**).
(2) Oxidants These types of articles have strong oxidation properties, and there may be conflict between specific varieties. Except for some organic oxidants, although it does not burn itself, under certain conditions, substances that are subjected to friction, shocks, heat, or acids and bases are resistant to moisture, contact with flammables, organic matter, reducing agents, and their properties. When the items are mixed, they can be decomposed and burned and exploded. The nature of amine oxidants divides them into four categories:
Class 1 inorganic oxidants include chlorates and perchlorates of alkali and alkaline earth metals (eg ***, ***, ****, ****, etc.), peroxides (eg *** *, ****, etc.), and alkali salts and alkaline earth metal salts (such as ***, ***, etc.);
Level 2 organic oxidants include hydrogen peroxide and organic derivatives of ** (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, ***, etc.);
3 Secondary inorganic oxidants include dichromates, nitrites (eg ****, ****, ****, yttrium, sodium nitrite, etc.);
4 Secondary organic oxidants include peracetic acid and earth oil.
For the sake of security in storage, on the basis of the above-mentioned division of the second four items, it is divided into seven items:
A derivative of hydrogen peroxide (eg ****, ****, etc.)
Ethyl chlorate, bromate, iodic acid, periodate, perchlorate, etc.
C ** salt (*** single deposit);
Permanganate and dichromate;
Pentadecane salt
Persulfate and perborate;
Hexane hydrogen peroxide organic derivatives and ** organic derivatives.
Compressed gas and liquefied gas are compressed into compressed gas or liquefied gas and stored in a pressurized vessel. Such articles, regardless of their nature, have the property of thermal expansion, if the internal pressure is greater than the withstand pressure limit that the vessel can withstand. , Or impact damage the container, which can cause the danger of explosion combustion. Some are poisonous and, by their nature, are divided into four categories:
1 highly toxic gases including ***, **, **, etc.;
2 flammable gases include acetylene gas, ethane, hydrogen, etc.;
3 The combustion gas includes oxygen, etc.
4 Non-combustible gases include helium, argon, helium, nitrogen, etc.
Self-ignition items Such items in the air at an appropriate temperature, although not in contact with the open flame, rely on their own decomposition, oxidation and heat, reaching the burning point of the item, which can cause combustion. Divided into two categories according to their nature:
1 A self-igniting article in the air is decomposed or severely oxidized to achieve an auto-ignition point that can quickly burn items (such as yellow phosphorus, nitrocellulose, etc.);
2 The secondary self-ignition items are slowly oxidized in the air, and the accumulated heat does not dissipate, reaching the items where the self-ignition of the items causes spontaneous combustion (such as linoleum and its products, oil-paper and its products, oil silk and its products, and vegetable oil-soaked cotton and hemp, Hair, hair, silk and wild fibers, etc.).
In the case of water-inflammable articles, such articles may rapidly decompose when exposed to water or in moist air, emit high heat and produce flammable and explosive gases, which may cause combustion explosions. According to the degree of liveness of water, it is divided into two items:
1 The first-class water-fired articles react violently with water and generate hydrogen or other flammable gases that cause burning explosions (such as ***, ***, calcium carbide, etc.);
2 The secondary water-absorbing articles will react slowly with water and produce flammable gases that will cause burning (such as **, insurance powder, etc.).
Flammable liquids All substances present in liquid form at room temperature are easily combustible and volatile; their flash point is below 45°C. Flammable liquids and their vapors are generally toxic, and some are narcotic. According to their nature, they are divided into two categories:
1 First-grade flammable liquid is highly flammable and volatile, with a flash point of less than 28°C;
2 The secondary flammable liquid is easy to burn and evaporate with flash point above 28°C and below 45°C.
The flammable liquid with a flash point of 45-65°C, although not classified as such, has a certain risk of combustion and should be kept safer.
Flammable solids These articles have a low ignition point (ignition point) and are easily oxidized. When exposed to heat, fire, impact or friction, and contact with oxidants, strong acids, etc., it can cause violent combustion or explosion. When it is burned, it emits a large number of toxic and harmful gases. According to its flammability, it is divided into two items:
1 First-grade flammable solids have a low ignition point, are flammable and explosive, and have a fast burning rate. They can amplify highly toxic gases (such as ***, red phosphorus, etc.) when burning.
2 The secondary flammable solids have lower combustion properties than the primary flammable solids, but they are also easily combustible and emit toxic gases (such as *yellow, naphthalene, **, etc.) when burned.
Toxic articles are highly toxic and can cause local irritation, poisoning, or even death when they invade the human body or the body of a human or touch the skin. When exposed orally to skin or toxic substances, the biological test is lethal (LD50). Less than 50mg/kg, the body inhaled gas poisoning products, lethal dose (CL50) inhalation time 4h, concentration of 2mg / L or less, can cause death, are drama **. According to its nature, it is divided into four items:
1 inorganic drama such as *** (sodium), arsenious acid, etc.;
2 organic drama such as ** dicarboxylic acid, tricresyl phosphate, etc.;
3 inorganic ** such as cesium chloride, ***, etc.;
4 organic ** such as carbon tetrachloride, furfural and so on.
Corrosive articles These articles are highly corrosive. Contact with other articles can cause damage due to corrosive effects. Contact with the human body can cause burns and can be difficult to treat. By their nature, they are divided into eight categories:
Grade 1 inorganic acid corrosion products such as **, **, etc.;
2 organic acid corrosion products such as formic acid, trichloroacetaldehyde, etc.;
3 secondary inorganic acid corrosion products such as **, phosphoric acid, etc.;
4 secondary organic acid corrosion products such as glacial acetic acid, chloroacetic acid, etc.;
5 inorganic alkaline corrosion products such as caustic soda, sodium, etc.;
6 Organic alkaline corrosion products such as sodium methoxide, diethanolamine, etc.;
6 inorganic other corrosive articles such as bleaching powder, sodium hypochlorite solution, etc.;
7 organic other corrosion products such as carbolic acid, phenol, etc.
8 Radioactive Articles These types of materials are radioactive and can radiate rays that are highly penetrating and that people cannot sense. When the human body intrudes into the body, the outside of the body is exposed to radiation. In direct contact with high doses of radioactive material, it can damage the body. According to its varieties are divided into:
1 radioisotopes;
2 Radioactive chemical reagents and chemical products;
3 radioactive ore and ore;
4 Industrial products coated with radioactive luminescent agents.
2. Safe Handling of Chemical Hazardous Materials Handling (1) Prior to loading and unloading chemical hazardous materials, prepare them in advance to understand the nature of the items, check whether the tools for loading and unloading are firm, and replace them with weak ones. If the tool has been contaminated with inflammables, organics, acids, and alkalis, it must be cleaned before it can be used.
(2) The operator should wear appropriate protective equipment according to the hazardous characteristics of different materials, and the work should pay more attention to toxic, corrosive, radioactive and other items. Protective equipment includes work clothes, rubber aprons, rubber cuffs, rubber gloves, rubber boots, gas masks, masks, gauze masks, yarn gloves, and goggles. Before the operation, it should be checked by a person to determine whether the appliance is properly worn or not. After the operation, it should be cleaned or disinfected and kept in a dedicated bin.
(3) Chemical hazardous materials should be handled with care in handling to prevent impact, friction, impact, and vibration. When the liquid iron drum is unloaded, the springboard is not allowed to slide quickly. It should be on the floor, beside the old tires or other loose objects, slowly. Items marked with irreversible signs must not be placed upside down. Found that the packaging is leaking, must be moved to a safe place for renovation, or change the packaging. Refurbishment should not use tools that may produce sparks. When chemical dangerous goods are spilled on the ground or on the opposite side of the car, they shall be promptly removed. The flammable and explosive articles shall be cleaned by the application of soft materials that are soaked in water.
(4) No alcohol or tobacco may be used for loading or unloading hazardous chemicals. After the work is completed, the hand, face, mouthwash or shower may be washed in time according to the work situation and the nature of the dangerous goods. When loading and unloading of toxic products, air on the scene must be kept in circulation. If nausea, dizziness or other poisonings are found, they should immediately go to fresh air, take off work clothes and protective equipment, clean the infected part of the skin, and treat severe cases.
(5) When handling explosives, first-grade flammables, or primary oxidizers, iron wheeled vehicles, battery-powered vehicles (batteries with no device to control Mars equipment), and other transportation equipment without explosion-proof devices shall not be used. Personnel participating in the assignment must not wear shoes with nails. It is forbidden to roll the drums and not to step on chemical dangerous goods and their packaging (referring to explosives). When loading a vehicle, it must be stabilised and must not be stowed too high. For example, if the vehicle is a *** (sodium), it is also not allowed to bring a trailer. It is usually advisable to carry out the loading and unloading during the day and avoid the sun. In the hot season, work should be done in the morning and in the evening, and explosion-proof or enclosed safety lighting should be applied at night. In case of rain, snow, and ice operations, there should be anti-skid measures.
(6) Handling and handling of corrosive materials. Before operation, check whether the bottom of the tank has been corroded to prevent danger of detachment. When carrying, prohibit the shoulder bar, carry or carry arms with both hands, can only pick, lift or use the car to carry. When stacking, do not invert, tilt or oscillate to avoid risk of splashing. Water, sparkling water or acetic acid should be prepared on site for emergency use.
(7) When loading or unloading radioactive materials, shoulders, shoulders, or arms must not be carried. And to minimize the contact between the human body and the packaging of the goods, it should be handled gently to prevent breaking the packaging. Wash your hands and face after showering with soap and water before eating. Protective equipment and tools must be carefully washed to remove radiation infections. Wastewater contaminated with radioactive materials shall not be scattered casually and should be introduced into deep trenches or treated. Waste should be buried and buried in pits.
(8) Items that are in conflict with each other shall not be loaded or unloaded at the same place and carried together with the vehicle (ship). For heat-resisting and fear-fighting items, measures should be taken to prevent heat and moisture.
3. Measures for Safe Storage of Chemical Dangerous Goods (1) In addition to fire protection facilities, warehouses that store a large quantity of chemical dangerous goods should be classified and stored separately according to their different nature. Individual items that are extremely special in nature should be stored separately.
(2) Explosives, dramas, and radioactive objects must be stored separately in a special warehouse, and the initiator village must not be stored in the same warehouse as the demolitions.
(3) Dangerous goods that can cause combustion, explosions, or fire extinguishing methods to come into contact with each other shall not be stored in the same storeroom, such as: organic matter, flammable substances and oxidants, oxidants and strong acid corrosion products, cyanide and acidity. Corrosion items, etc. must not be stored together. Benzenes and alcohols should not be stored together due to their different fire fighting methods. Food ingredients (such as baking soda, etc.) should be kept separate from the ** to prevent poisoning.
(4) Dangerous goods that burn with water and fear of sun cannot be stacked in the open air. Frozen items should be stored in warmer warehouses.
(5) No tests, string substitutions, welding repairs, refurbishment, subassembly, and other operations that may cause fires are allowed in the warehouse or near open-air stacks.
(6) The container packaging should be sealed intact. If it is found that the leakage is damaged, it must be handled safely. The modified bucket must be carried out at a safe place outside the warehouse. Use spark-free tools for flammables and explosives.
(7) Strengthen the usual inspection work. For items that are unstable in nature, easy to decompose, deteriorate, and are flammable and explosive, besides checking on a daily basis, temperature measurement and testing should be carried out regularly, and safety measures should be taken accordingly (such as stability When the content of the agent is reduced, it is added to make up for it. The stack that is decomposed, deteriorated, adhered, and heated is stored immediately and stored separately. The owner is urged to handle it to prevent spontaneous combustion or explosion.
(8) Empty containers for refilling dangerous goods must be inspected and thoroughly cleaned before use so as to prevent burning materials from collapsing and poisoning due to remnants of the material and the loaded materials. For dangerous goods left on the floor and on the pad board, The treatment must be cleared in time to keep the warehouse clean.
1 The ignition equipment includes different fire cables, ignition ropes, etc.
2 detonation equipment including different fuses, **, etc.;
3** and explosive drugs include ***** (***), **** mixed **, ***, ****, ****, etc.;
4 Other explosives include ****, Fireworks, and ** (**).
(2) Oxidants These types of articles have strong oxidation properties, and there may be conflict between specific varieties. Except for some organic oxidants, although it does not burn itself, under certain conditions, substances that are subjected to friction, shocks, heat, or acids and bases are resistant to moisture, contact with flammables, organic matter, reducing agents, and their properties. When the items are mixed, they can be decomposed and burned and exploded. The nature of amine oxidants divides them into four categories:
Class 1 inorganic oxidants include chlorates and perchlorates of alkali and alkaline earth metals (eg ***, ***, ****, ****, etc.), peroxides (eg *** *, ****, etc.), and alkali salts and alkaline earth metal salts (such as ***, ***, etc.);
Level 2 organic oxidants include hydrogen peroxide and organic derivatives of ** (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, ***, etc.);
3 Secondary inorganic oxidants include dichromates, nitrites (eg ****, ****, ****, yttrium, sodium nitrite, etc.);
4 Secondary organic oxidants include peracetic acid and earth oil.
For the sake of security in storage, on the basis of the above-mentioned division of the second four items, it is divided into seven items:
A derivative of hydrogen peroxide (eg ****, ****, etc.)
Ethyl chlorate, bromate, iodic acid, periodate, perchlorate, etc.
C ** salt (*** single deposit);
Permanganate and dichromate;
Pentadecane salt
Persulfate and perborate;
Hexane hydrogen peroxide organic derivatives and ** organic derivatives.
Compressed gas and liquefied gas are compressed into compressed gas or liquefied gas and stored in a pressurized vessel. Such articles, regardless of their nature, have the property of thermal expansion, if the internal pressure is greater than the withstand pressure limit that the vessel can withstand. , Or impact damage the container, which can cause the danger of explosion combustion. Some are poisonous and, by their nature, are divided into four categories:
1 highly toxic gases including ***, **, **, etc.;
2 flammable gases include acetylene gas, ethane, hydrogen, etc.;
3 The combustion gas includes oxygen, etc.
4 Non-combustible gases include helium, argon, helium, nitrogen, etc.
Self-ignition items Such items in the air at an appropriate temperature, although not in contact with the open flame, rely on their own decomposition, oxidation and heat, reaching the burning point of the item, which can cause combustion. Divided into two categories according to their nature:
1 A self-igniting article in the air is decomposed or severely oxidized to achieve an auto-ignition point that can quickly burn items (such as yellow phosphorus, nitrocellulose, etc.);
2 The secondary self-ignition items are slowly oxidized in the air, and the accumulated heat does not dissipate, reaching the items where the self-ignition of the items causes spontaneous combustion (such as linoleum and its products, oil-paper and its products, oil silk and its products, and vegetable oil-soaked cotton and hemp, Hair, hair, silk and wild fibers, etc.).
In the case of water-inflammable articles, such articles may rapidly decompose when exposed to water or in moist air, emit high heat and produce flammable and explosive gases, which may cause combustion explosions. According to the degree of liveness of water, it is divided into two items:
1 The first-class water-fired articles react violently with water and generate hydrogen or other flammable gases that cause burning explosions (such as ***, ***, calcium carbide, etc.);
2 The secondary water-absorbing articles will react slowly with water and produce flammable gases that will cause burning (such as **, insurance powder, etc.).
Flammable liquids All substances present in liquid form at room temperature are easily combustible and volatile; their flash point is below 45°C. Flammable liquids and their vapors are generally toxic, and some are narcotic. According to their nature, they are divided into two categories:
1 First-grade flammable liquid is highly flammable and volatile, with a flash point of less than 28°C;
2 The secondary flammable liquid is easy to burn and evaporate with flash point above 28°C and below 45°C.
The flammable liquid with a flash point of 45-65°C, although not classified as such, has a certain risk of combustion and should be kept safer.
Flammable solids These articles have a low ignition point (ignition point) and are easily oxidized. When exposed to heat, fire, impact or friction, and contact with oxidants, strong acids, etc., it can cause violent combustion or explosion. When it is burned, it emits a large number of toxic and harmful gases. According to its flammability, it is divided into two items:
1 First-grade flammable solids have a low ignition point, are flammable and explosive, and have a fast burning rate. They can amplify highly toxic gases (such as ***, red phosphorus, etc.) when burning.
2 The secondary flammable solids have lower combustion properties than the primary flammable solids, but they are also easily combustible and emit toxic gases (such as *yellow, naphthalene, **, etc.) when burned.
Toxic articles are highly toxic and can cause local irritation, poisoning, or even death when they invade the human body or the body of a human or touch the skin. When exposed orally to skin or toxic substances, the biological test is lethal (LD50). Less than 50mg/kg, the body inhaled gas poisoning products, lethal dose (CL50) inhalation time 4h, concentration of 2mg / L or less, can cause death, are drama **. According to its nature, it is divided into four items:
1 inorganic drama such as *** (sodium), arsenious acid, etc.;
2 organic drama such as ** dicarboxylic acid, tricresyl phosphate, etc.;
3 inorganic ** such as cesium chloride, ***, etc.;
4 organic ** such as carbon tetrachloride, furfural and so on.
Corrosive articles These articles are highly corrosive. Contact with other articles can cause damage due to corrosive effects. Contact with the human body can cause burns and can be difficult to treat. By their nature, they are divided into eight categories:
Grade 1 inorganic acid corrosion products such as **, **, etc.;
2 organic acid corrosion products such as formic acid, trichloroacetaldehyde, etc.;
3 secondary inorganic acid corrosion products such as **, phosphoric acid, etc.;
4 secondary organic acid corrosion products such as glacial acetic acid, chloroacetic acid, etc.;
5 inorganic alkaline corrosion products such as caustic soda, sodium, etc.;
6 Organic alkaline corrosion products such as sodium methoxide, diethanolamine, etc.;
6 inorganic other corrosive articles such as bleaching powder, sodium hypochlorite solution, etc.;
7 organic other corrosion products such as carbolic acid, phenol, etc.
8 Radioactive Articles These types of materials are radioactive and can radiate rays that are highly penetrating and that people cannot sense. When the human body intrudes into the body, the outside of the body is exposed to radiation. In direct contact with high doses of radioactive material, it can damage the body. According to its varieties are divided into:
1 radioisotopes;
2 Radioactive chemical reagents and chemical products;
3 radioactive ore and ore;
4 Industrial products coated with radioactive luminescent agents.
2. Safe Handling of Chemical Hazardous Materials Handling (1) Prior to loading and unloading chemical hazardous materials, prepare them in advance to understand the nature of the items, check whether the tools for loading and unloading are firm, and replace them with weak ones. If the tool has been contaminated with inflammables, organics, acids, and alkalis, it must be cleaned before it can be used.
(2) The operator should wear appropriate protective equipment according to the hazardous characteristics of different materials, and the work should pay more attention to toxic, corrosive, radioactive and other items. Protective equipment includes work clothes, rubber aprons, rubber cuffs, rubber gloves, rubber boots, gas masks, masks, gauze masks, yarn gloves, and goggles. Before the operation, it should be checked by a person to determine whether the appliance is properly worn or not. After the operation, it should be cleaned or disinfected and kept in a dedicated bin.
(3) Chemical hazardous materials should be handled with care in handling to prevent impact, friction, impact, and vibration. When the liquid iron drum is unloaded, the springboard is not allowed to slide quickly. It should be on the floor, beside the old tires or other loose objects, slowly. Items marked with irreversible signs must not be placed upside down. Found that the packaging is leaking, must be moved to a safe place for renovation, or change the packaging. Refurbishment should not use tools that may produce sparks. When chemical dangerous goods are spilled on the ground or on the opposite side of the car, they shall be promptly removed. The flammable and explosive articles shall be cleaned by the application of soft materials that are soaked in water.
(4) No alcohol or tobacco may be used for loading or unloading hazardous chemicals. After the work is completed, the hand, face, mouthwash or shower may be washed in time according to the work situation and the nature of the dangerous goods. When loading and unloading of toxic products, air on the scene must be kept in circulation. If nausea, dizziness or other poisonings are found, they should immediately go to fresh air, take off work clothes and protective equipment, clean the infected part of the skin, and treat severe cases.
(5) When handling explosives, first-grade flammables, or primary oxidizers, iron wheeled vehicles, battery-powered vehicles (batteries with no device to control Mars equipment), and other transportation equipment without explosion-proof devices shall not be used. Personnel participating in the assignment must not wear shoes with nails. It is forbidden to roll the drums and not to step on chemical dangerous goods and their packaging (referring to explosives). When loading a vehicle, it must be stabilised and must not be stowed too high. For example, if the vehicle is a *** (sodium), it is also not allowed to bring a trailer. It is usually advisable to carry out the loading and unloading during the day and avoid the sun. In the hot season, work should be done in the morning and in the evening, and explosion-proof or enclosed safety lighting should be applied at night. In case of rain, snow, and ice operations, there should be anti-skid measures.
(6) Handling and handling of corrosive materials. Before operation, check whether the bottom of the tank has been corroded to prevent danger of detachment. When carrying, prohibit the shoulder bar, carry or carry arms with both hands, can only pick, lift or use the car to carry. When stacking, do not invert, tilt or oscillate to avoid risk of splashing. Water, sparkling water or acetic acid should be prepared on site for emergency use.
(7) When loading or unloading radioactive materials, shoulders, shoulders, or arms must not be carried. And to minimize the contact between the human body and the packaging of the goods, it should be handled gently to prevent breaking the packaging. Wash your hands and face after showering with soap and water before eating. Protective equipment and tools must be carefully washed to remove radiation infections. Wastewater contaminated with radioactive materials shall not be scattered casually and should be introduced into deep trenches or treated. Waste should be buried and buried in pits.
(8) Items that are in conflict with each other shall not be loaded or unloaded at the same place and carried together with the vehicle (ship). For heat-resisting and fear-fighting items, measures should be taken to prevent heat and moisture.
3. Measures for Safe Storage of Chemical Dangerous Goods (1) In addition to fire protection facilities, warehouses that store a large quantity of chemical dangerous goods should be classified and stored separately according to their different nature. Individual items that are extremely special in nature should be stored separately.
(2) Explosives, dramas, and radioactive objects must be stored separately in a special warehouse, and the initiator village must not be stored in the same warehouse as the demolitions.
(3) Dangerous goods that can cause combustion, explosions, or fire extinguishing methods to come into contact with each other shall not be stored in the same storeroom, such as: organic matter, flammable substances and oxidants, oxidants and strong acid corrosion products, cyanide and acidity. Corrosion items, etc. must not be stored together. Benzenes and alcohols should not be stored together due to their different fire fighting methods. Food ingredients (such as baking soda, etc.) should be kept separate from the ** to prevent poisoning.
(4) Dangerous goods that burn with water and fear of sun cannot be stacked in the open air. Frozen items should be stored in warmer warehouses.
(5) No tests, string substitutions, welding repairs, refurbishment, subassembly, and other operations that may cause fires are allowed in the warehouse or near open-air stacks.
(6) The container packaging should be sealed intact. If it is found that the leakage is damaged, it must be handled safely. The modified bucket must be carried out at a safe place outside the warehouse. Use spark-free tools for flammables and explosives.
(7) Strengthen the usual inspection work. For items that are unstable in nature, easy to decompose, deteriorate, and are flammable and explosive, besides checking on a daily basis, temperature measurement and testing should be carried out regularly, and safety measures should be taken accordingly (such as stability When the content of the agent is reduced, it is added to make up for it. The stack that is decomposed, deteriorated, adhered, and heated is stored immediately and stored separately. The owner is urged to handle it to prevent spontaneous combustion or explosion.
(8) Empty containers for refilling dangerous goods must be inspected and thoroughly cleaned before use so as to prevent burning materials from collapsing and poisoning due to remnants of the material and the loaded materials. For dangerous goods left on the floor and on the pad board, The treatment must be cleared in time to keep the warehouse clean.